HASAN LANGGULUNG’S THOUGHTS ON EDUCATION “Human Beings and Education”

Abstrak

This study aims to synthesize Hasan Langgulung's educational thought concerning the fundamental relationship between human nature as khalīfah fī al-arḍ (vicegerent on earth) and Islamic education. In response to the dichotomy in modern education and the ethical challenges of the digital era, this qualitative study employs a library research method using content analysis and a hermeneutic approach to examine Langgulung's major works. The findings reveal that Langgulung's eclectic-harmonious framework integrates the Islamic tradition with modern psychology and philosophy, defining education as a process of transmitting cultural values (enculturation) through teaching, training, and imitation. He organizes the objectives of education into a three-level hierarchy: the ultimate objective (forming khalīfah fī al-arḍ based on tawḥīd), the general objectives (balancing worldly and spiritual needs, fostering moral excellence, and developing vocational competence), and the specific objectives (which may be adapted to contextual needs). Furthermore, accommodating the four essential components of human nature fiṭrah, spirit (rūḥ), free will, and intellect (‘aql) requires a holistic curriculum that integrates the vertical relationship with God (ḥabl min Allāh), the horizontal relationship with humanity (ḥabl min al-nās), and the ecological-technological relationship with the world (ḥabl min al-‘ālam). A comparative analysis demonstrates that while S.M.N. al-Attas emphasizes ta’dīb and I.R. al-Faruqi focuses on the Islamization of Knowledge, Langgulung offers a pragmatic, humanistic-theistic roadmap for guiding curriculum reconstruction in response to digital disruption and the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI).